Traversal time for electron tunneling in water

The Tunneling Time of an Electron

traversal time problem ∗

The theory of weak measurement, proposed by Aharonov and coworkers, has been applied by Steinberg to the long-discussed traversal time problem. The uncertainty and ambiguity that characterize this concept from the perspective of von Neumann measurement theory apparently vanish, and joint probabilities and conditional averages become meaningful concepts. We express the Larmor clock and some othe...

Electron tunneling pathways in proteins.

Long-range electronic interactions between electron donors and acceptors in proteins depend on the structure of the intervening polypeptide. Several methods have been developed for calculating these weak couplings. New challenges in protein electron-transfer research include identifying the role of protein dynamics, and characterizing multistep tunneling over very long distances.

Electron tunneling in protein crystals.

The current understanding of electron tunneling through proteins has come from work on systems where donors and acceptors are held at fixed distances and orientations. The factors that control electron flow between proteins are less well understood, owing to uncertainties in the relative orientations and structures of the reactants during the very short time that tunneling occurs. As we report ...

Electron tunneling in biological molecules*

Electron transfers in photosynthesis and respiration commonly occur between protein-bound prosthetic groups that are separated by large molecular distances (often greater than 10 AÊ ). Although the electron donors and acceptors are expected to be weakly coupled, the reactions are remarkably fast and proceed with high speci®city. Tunneling timetables based on analyses of Fe/Cu to Ru electron-tra...